As a traveler from Latin America who was baptized and raised in Christianity, one of the aspects that intrigued me most about my journey through Asia was how Buddhism integrates into society. I was eager to see if there were any differences between the Buddhism described in books and how it is practiced in real life, particularly in Thailand, the first country I visited.
Of course, I was aware that there would be differences between what I had read and its practical application. I also knew that my Western and Latin perspective would influence my impressions of Thai culture and shape my interpretation.
I recognized that many social and cultural factors would be beyond my understanding—not just because I was unfamiliar with daily life in this part of the world but also because my perspective might prevent me from perceiving certain nuances. My viewpoint might be flawed, completely off-base, or even ignorant.
However, every perspective is shaped by a particular context, and I do not believe mine is invalid simply because it is not absolute. Acknowledging the limitations of my Western perspective, I want to share my thoughts and feelings as a Latin American woman experiencing Buddhism in Thailand for the first time—striving neither to judge nor romanticize it.
Theravada Buddhism in Thailand
Buddhism in Thailand primarily follows the Theravada tradition, one of the oldest branches of Buddhism. In theory, Theravada Buddhism emphasizes the pursuit of Nirvana, the elimination of suffering through meditation, wisdom, and morality. Its core teachings revolve around the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, which aim to help people transcend existential suffering and reach enlightenment.
One of its fundamental beliefs is in karma and reincarnation, where every action—positive or negative—affects a person’s future existence. Theoretically, Buddhism does not distinguish between genders in the pursuit of Nirvana. All beings, regardless of gender, have the same potential for liberation. However, my experience in Thailand showed that Buddhist practice in everyday life is more complex and often rigid.
Buddhism in Thailand and a Traditional and Gendered Perspective
Upon arriving in Thailand, I quickly realized that Buddhism is not as inclusive and egalitarian in practice as it is in theory. Thai Buddhism follows a traditional approach that intertwines with the country’s cultural and social norms, particularly in relation to women.
For instance, there are temples where women are not allowed to enter, especially the most sacred ones. This happened to me in Chiang Mai, after walking for half an hour to visit one of the many temples in the city. The reason? The belief that women are “impure” during certain times in their lives, such as menstruation. Since verifying this on an individual basis would be impractical, the solution is to ban all women at all times.
Another surprising rule is that women cannot have physical contact with monks. We can speak with them, but we cannot shake hands or sit next to them. Monks, considered the embodiment of spiritual purity, must avoid contact with women to prevent temptation. In public transport, women are not allowed to sit next to a monk to avoid accidental contact.
Beyond temple restrictions, women are also denied direct access to certain teachings and cannot hold monastic roles equivalent to men. Women can become bhikkhunis (nuns), but they are not granted the same spiritual authority as male monks.
Feminist Movements and the Fight for Equality in Thailand
Fortunately, in recent years, feminist movements have emerged in Thailand, advocating for greater gender equality within Buddhism. Activists and Buddhist women are demanding the right to hold leadership positions in temples and even the restoration of the bhikkhuni lineage, which would grant women the same rights and dignity as male monks.
These movements signal that, despite deep-rooted cultural and religious traditions, there is a growing awareness of the need to reform structures that perpetuate inequality. Thai women are beginning to speak out—not just for equal access to Buddhist teachings but also for the right to shape their own spiritual paths.
The Influence of the Monarchy on Thai Buddhism
With approximately 95% of the population practicing Buddhism, its influence extends beyond temples and religious ceremonies, reaching into politics and the monarchy. Historically, the Thai monarchy has played a crucial role in preserving and promoting Buddhism, creating a symbolic and practical bond between religion and the state.
For centuries, Thai kings have been regarded as Dhammarajas, rulers who govern according to Buddhist principles. This not only grants them political legitimacy but also strengthens their spiritual connection with the people, reinforcing their authority and respect.
One of the most visible manifestations of this relationship is the presence of royal portraits in Buddhist temples across Thailand. Images of monarchs—especially Rama IX and the current King Rama X—are displayed alongside Buddha statues, symbolizing the unity between religion and the state. This reinforces not only respect for the monarchy but also the role of the king as the protector of Buddhism in Thailand.
The Duality of Buddhism in Thailand
My experience in Thailand showed me that Buddhism is more than just a spiritual philosophy—it is deeply embedded in social, cultural, and political structures. While Theravada Buddhism preaches the equality of all beings, the reality in Thailand presents a contrast between theory and practice.
The cultural, emotional, and psychological impact on Thai people, especially women, is profound. Buddhist teachings are shaped by traditions that do not always promote gender equality. This is particularly paradoxical given the belief in reincarnation—if we have lived as both men and women in past lives, why should gender be relevant in our path to Nirvana?
Could it be that my higher self chose a female body in this life to learn lessons that can only be experienced as a woman? Just as men face challenges that women may never fully understand, there are experiences unique to women that shape our spiritual growth.
Another recurring theme is the fusion of politics and religion, just as it occurs in the West. The omnipresence of the king’s image in temples reflects the powerful connection between Buddhism and the monarchy, ensuring the perpetuation of the ruling system. Just as Buddha statues must never be disrespected, the king remains beyond question, even amid scandals.
In this sense, Buddhism has contributed to a political system that discourages dissent, fostering a culture of silence over questioning authority.
Conclusion
In conclusion, I believe there is a clear gap between Buddhist theory and its social implementation. On one hand, there is the path to Nirvana and the Four Noble Truths, but on the other, there is political manipulation and gender inequality embedded in Thai Buddhism.
However, this does not diminish the value of Buddhist teachings or their positive influence. We must learn to separate cultural applications from philosophical wisdom, preserving the values and virtues that Buddhism promotes while acknowledging the need for change in its institutionalized practices.